WYAVASTHA'-DARPANA. * 164 gHAPTER IX ON THE CASTES OF THE HINDUS, Originally there were four castes:—the Bråånana, Kshatriya or Khatriya, Poiakye, and Sládra". The first three of these are called drijáli or drija (twice born)", they being considered as born again by initiation in the rite of upanayana (investiture with the sacred thread.) In ages other than the present (kali,) intermarriages having been allowed by Iawt, and followed in practice, amongst the four primitive or pure castes, there became several mixed (Sankra) castes.ţ The sons by women one degree lower than their husbands are named in order the Mordiáhkishikta, Máñishya, and Karana or Kāyastha§. They are respectively begotten by a Brá4. mana on a wife of the Kahatriyá caste, by a Kshatriya on a Voishyá wife, and by a Voishya on a Słúğrá wife.o! The sons of women married in the inverse order, or two or three degrees lower are as follows:– “From a Brååmen, on a wife of the Voishya class, is born a son called Antauktia, or Vaidya, ou a Saúdrá wife, a Aishāda, named also Pératura: From a Kshatriya, on a wise of the Shulra class, springs a creature, called Tyra, with a nature partly wallike and partly servile, ferocious in his manner, cruel in his acts.-The sons of a Brähmen by women of three lower classes, of a Kshatriya by women of two, and of a Voishya by one lower class, are called Aparadaš, or degraded below their fathers.--From a Kakatriya, by a Brákmans wife, springs a Sūta by birth; a Vaishyo, by a military or sacerdotal wife, fpring a Héwadia nnd Vvideha. From a RÀùdra, on women of the commercial, military, and priestly classes, are born sons of mixed breed, called Avogara, Kshattri or Chhattri, and Chandéla, the lowest of mortals.”—Manu, ch. X. v. 8–12, • The three twice born classes are the sacerdotal, the military and the commercial; but the fourth, or servile, is onee born, that is, has no second birth from the Gāyatri, and wears u0 thread, nor is there a fifth pure class–Manu, ch. x. v. 4, ... + See ante, p. 1166. t In all classer they, and they only, who are born, in a direct order, of wives equal in class, and visio, so the time of marriage, aro to be considered as the same in class (with their fathers)—sons. begotten by twice born men, on women of the class next immediately below them, wise legislators es; similar, (not the same) in chos (with their parents) because they are degraded, (to a middle rank between both,) by the lowness of their mothers.--Maau, ch. X. v. 5, 6. § The Karaas, though explained by some commentators to be the Kágartha tribe, is not the Utrerárkiya and Dakkhina-rárkiye Kāyastha common in this part of Bengal. The latter is one, and the best, of the pare Skodra tribes, and the profession of the persons of this tribe is to read and write; whereas the persons of the Karana caste are of a mixed race, as is manifest from the above text; they are to be found in the eastern part of Bengal, and are called Skærs kne, who employ themselves as menial servanta Vide Bájá Rádkákáat's Skabdskalpadruma, vol. Í. pp. 542-649, and ita appendiz pp. 467–466; also the Sháhrs-dharma-tattwa by Kamalākara Bhatta and 4-chára-mirways-tanira.
- Wide Kulláka Bhátta's Commentary on Mans, ch. K. v. 6,
119 Primitive caates, Mixed castes
